What Is the Origin of Japanese New Year (Shōgatsu)?
Shōgatsu (Japanese New Year) is one of the most important celebrations in Japan, marking the beginning of a new year.
While it is widely known today as a time for family gatherings, it was originally passed down as a celebration to welcome Toshigami-sama (the New Year deity) and pray for safety and a bountiful harvest in the coming year.
Welcoming the New Year Deity
Since ancient times, the Japanese have regarded the turn of the year as a sacred and special time.
This belief, combined with spiritual traditions and daily customs, gradually shaped the culture of Shōgatsu.
The New Year period generally refers to Gantan (January 1st) through Sanganichi (the first three days, January 1–3), though some consider the period of Matsu no Uchi (until January 7th or January 15th, depending on the region) as part of the New Year season.
The Meaning Behind New Year Decorations and Food
Kadomatsu (pine and bamboo gate decorations) and shimekazari (sacred straw ropes) are well-known as markers to welcome Toshigami-sama.
Kadomatsu are arrangements of pine and bamboo placed at the entrance, believed to serve as a landmark for the deity to find the house.
Shimekazari indicate that a space has been purified and made sacred.
Osechi ryōri (New Year dishes) and mochi (rice cakes) also carry wishes for good fortune in the year ahead.
Common Events and Activities During Japanese New Year
Shōgatsu features not only tourist-oriented events but many traditions deeply rooted in everyday life.
For travelers looking to experience an authentic Japanese New Year atmosphere, this is an excellent time to observe the culture firsthand.
Hatsumōde: The First Shrine or Temple Visit of the Year
Hatsumōde is the custom of visiting a shrine or temple at the start of the new year to offer prayers.
It is one of the most iconic New Year events, with many people praying for health and peace in the coming year.
The busiest period is from Gantan through Sanganichi, but visiting any time during Matsu no Uchi is generally considered hatsumōde.
Famous shrines and temples can draw enormous crowds, so allowing extra time for your visit is recommended.
Joya no Kane: The New Year's Eve Bell
Joya no Kane refers to the temple bells rung on the night of Ōmisoka (New Year's Eve, December 31st).
The bell is traditionally struck 108 times — a number representing human worldly desires (bonnō) — making it a uniquely Japanese ritual for greeting the new year with a solemn spirit.
Some temples allow visitors to ring the bell themselves, creating a memorable experience for travelers in Japan during the year-end and New Year season.
Kakizome: The First Calligraphy of the Year
Kakizome is the tradition of writing calligraphy for the first time in the new year.
People typically write their aspirations or favorite words, making it one of Japan's most characteristic New Year customs.
It is often practiced early in the new year as a form of "kotohajime" — the custom of beginning something for the first time in the new year.
Traditional New Year Games
Hanetsuki (badminton-like game with a wooden paddle), takoage (kite flying), karuta (card game), and fukuwarai (a game similar to "pin the tail") are all well-known traditional New Year games.
While how families spend the holiday varies today, these games still evoke a strong sense of the season.
Essential Etiquette for Hatsumōde (First Shrine Visit)
For hatsumōde, rather than memorizing every detail of proper form, the key is to stay calm and follow the flow of those around you.
Even first-timers can feel at ease by knowing the basics.
Things to Keep in Mind When Visiting
- Don't obstruct the flow of visitors along the approach path
- Avoid speaking loudly and continuously
- Follow posted signs and instructions from staff
Different Prayer Customs at Shrines and Temples
At Shinto shrines, the standard practice is "ni-hai, ni-hakushu, ichi-hai" — bow twice, clap twice, then bow once.
At Buddhist temples, you do not clap; instead, press your palms together quietly in gasshō (prayer position).
However, there's no need to worry if you're unsure about the exact form.
Observing what other visitors do and quietly pressing your hands together with a respectful heart is perfectly sufficient.
Etiquette for Taking Photos
Photography rules vary by location.
Near people who are praying or in crowded areas, prioritizing consideration for others will help everyone feel comfortable.
How Do Shops and Businesses Operate During New Year?
One practical thing travelers should be aware of during the New Year period is changes to shop and facility hours.
If you assume everything operates on a normal schedule, you may find your plans disrupted.
Closures and Reduced Hours Are Common
During Shōgatsu, many small shops, restaurants, and tourist facilities may be closed or operating on reduced hours.
Department stores and shopping complexes may also follow different schedules than usual.
Closures and hour changes are most common around Gantan (January 1st), and depending on the type of business, your options may be limited.
Hatsu-uri: New Year Sales
On the other hand, some commercial facilities generate excitement with hatsu-uri (first sales of the year).
Fukubukuro (lucky bags) — mystery grab bags filled with discounted items — are a popular tradition, and some stores attract long lines.
If you plan to shop, be sure to check each facility's opening dates and hours in advance.
Practical Tips for Travelers
- Check official information in advance for any shops or facilities you want to visit
- Don't narrow your dining options to just one choice
- Scout nearby open restaurants before and after your planned activities
During New Year, the rhythm of the city changes slightly from everyday life.
Embracing that change as part of the seasonal atmosphere and building some flexibility into your schedule will make getting around much easier.
How Japanese People Typically Spend New Year
While every family celebrates differently, certain common patterns can be observed.
Knowing these typical customs helps you better understand the city's atmosphere and people's behavior during the holiday.
Welcoming the New Year Quietly with Family
Shōgatsu is a time when many families gather for meals and spend relaxed time at home.
There is a strong emphasis on greeting the new year in a calm and peaceful manner.
Enjoying Osechi and Ozōni
The New Year table typically features osechi ryōri and ozōni (New Year soup with mochi).
Osechi is an assortment of dishes arranged in layered lacquer boxes, with each item carrying an auspicious meaning — kuromame (black beans) for diligence, kazunoko (herring roe) for family prosperity, and tazukuri (candied sardines) for a bountiful harvest.
Ozōni is a soup containing mochi, and its seasoning and ingredients vary significantly by region.
In the Kantō region, square mochi in a clear broth is standard, while in Kansai, round mochi in white miso soup is typical — plus many other regional variations, making it an excellent way to experience the diversity of Japanese food culture.
Otoshidama: New Year Money for Children
Otoshidama is a widely known custom of giving children money in small decorative envelopes during the New Year.
The money is placed in small envelopes called pochi-bukuro and handed to children, a familiar New Year scene at family and relative gatherings.
Exchanging New Year Greetings
"Akemashite omedetō gozaimasu" is the quintessential Japanese New Year greeting.
Hearing it at shops, hotels, and local events helps you feel the authentic atmosphere of a Japanese New Year.
Travelers who use this greeting are often met with warm smiles, so it's worth remembering.
Summary: Understanding the Origins and Customs of Japanese New Year
Shōgatsu is an important Japanese seasonal event dedicated to welcoming Toshigami-sama and praying for safety and happiness in the new year.
Understanding its origins makes the meaning behind customs like hatsumōde, osechi, decorations, kakizome, and otoshidama much clearer.
Shops and businesses may also operate on different schedules during the New Year period, giving the entire city a slightly special atmosphere.
Familiarizing yourself with common New Year customs allows you to enjoy Japan's New Year culture more naturally during your trip.
